Saturday 14 December 2013

A Review of 'A Passion for Science', Edited by Suw Charman-Anderson

 ‘A Passion for Science’ is filled with fervour and shared excitement at the wonders of the world (and beyond). The book contains short biographies of women who have been at the forefront of incredible scientific breakthroughs and innovations, written by those who were inspired to go on their own scientific journeys because of their remarkable lives. While the scope of the book covers scientists in such diverse areas as, astronomy, embryology, geology and palaeontology (to name but a few), the women are united in the dedication and zeal they brought to their work. From the very first chapter, it is impossible to resist following these women in their quests for knowledge and sharing in the joy of discovery. If you have ever felt even the smallest longing to comprehend a part of the universe we live in, which had otherwise been previously unknown, then this book will stir up all those long forgotten yearnings.

What really makes this work stand out is the emphasis on the sexist attitudes that historically closed doors to women in the scientific profession. It took a mixture of motivation and bravery to remove the barriers between themselves and success, which has allowed countless women to forge accomplished careers in science and technology since. One of the most beautiful anecdotes explains the sadness a young Joan Feynman felt having been told that ‘women can’t do science’ and the hope and encouragement which came from reading the name of a female scientist in an Astronomy book. That woman was Cecilia Payne-Gaposchkin, a successful astronomer whose life is described in the book and her name inspired Joan Feynman to begin a triumphant career in science. As each page is filled with such stories, you cannot fail to be motivated in your own dreams (whether science related or not).

Sadly there are still barriers to women learning and launching careers in science and technology due to entrenched sexism in education and industry. The writers and editor of ‘A Passion for Science’ understand this deeply, and the book was created as part of the Ada Lovelace Day initiative. Ada Lovelace Day celebrates the achievements of women in science, technology, engineering and maths while also providing role models to inspire the scientists of tomorrow. As someone who hopes to forge a career in a science related field, I cannot express enough the importance of female role models to show that my hopes and imaginings are not just pipe dreams, but achievable goals. It is important to note that the women in this book are not just role models for future scientists. The grit and determination necessary to make such brilliant contributions to their field can be admired by anyone. Whatever your passion and ambition, this book has the ability to inspire.


If you are interested in purchasing the ebook, then head over to http://findingada.com/book/  where you can get an exclusive 25% discount by using the code ‘quarks’ at the checkout. If you wish to learn more about Ada Lovelace Day (which I implore you to do) check out the website: http://findingada.com/ or follow: @FindingAda.

Sunday 8 December 2013

Belated Birthday Blog- The Biology of Ageing

As another birthday has passed I thought this week’s entry should be on an associated theme- the biology of ageing. This is another huge topic that I will be indulging in only the most superficial of levels. But the process of ageing in cells is fascinating in terms of both the mechanism and possible future research.

Telomeres are regions of DNA with repeat, non coding information which protect the ends of the chromosome from deterioration during replication. As chromosome ends shorten with each replication, eventually the DNA that keeps everything ticking over nicely will be lost. Instead, telomeres are shortened during each cell division and while they exist, new cells can maintain their structural and functional integrity. In regular cells the shortening of telomeres leads to apoptosis (programmed cell death) but in abnormal cells, continued cell division once the telomere is depleted may lead to chromosome instability with associated consequences-from ageing to cancer.

The mechanism for ageing even at a cellular level is not fully understood (no matter what the latest wonder cream advertisement suggests). One of the ways in which scientists study this mechanism is by analysing disorders that cause premature ageing, such as Hutchinson-Gilford Progeria Syndrome (HGPS). The disease is caused by mutations in the gene LMNA and its symptoms represent areas of ageing manifesting so rapidly, that suffers live to a mean age of only 12.6 years. Studies have shown that the average length of telomeres in HGPS patients is much shorter than people of the same age. However, the method by which the mutation in the LMNA gene causes telomere shortening is not fully understood.

An example of cluster telomeres (purple areas) in 'boquet' proteins in yeast during meiosis. 
A recent study compared telomere length with physical performance in advanced age. Telomere size data was collected from adults aged between 53-80 years of age and their performance in tasks (ranging from walking to chair rise speed) was measured. Perhaps unsurprisingly, there was no correlation between age deteriorating-physical performance and telomere length. Therefore, the importance of telomeres in the process of ageing remains at a cellular level only.

On a more positive note, scientists are looking at the potential use of rejuvenating senescent cells (cells that can no longer divide and replicate) as a method for postponing the ageing process. While still only a scientific pipe dream, it may be possible to reprogram cells by induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) or by modifying the senescent cell signalling pathways with pharmacological or natural agents. It should be noted that senescent cells do have important roles in keeping the body functioning properly, including regulating the wound healing mechanism and mobilizing the immune system to clear cancer cells. Therefore, any attempts at the rejuvenation of senescent cells would have to weigh the risks to these important processes against the benefits of halted ageing.

The biological ageing process is so complex that the scientific community is only piercing the surface of potential understanding in order to replicate the mechanisms involved. While it may never be possible to eliminate ageing (nor perhaps should we aim for it), the goal of prolonging a healthy life span is worthy at a time when an ageing population is seen as an increasing economical and social worry. How far research can take us towards that goal remains to be seen.

Further reading:
Basu, N. et al. (2013). ‘Telomeres and Telomere Dynamics: Relevance to Cancers of the GI Tract’, Expert Review of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, 7 (8), pp. 733-748.
Decker, M.L., Chavez, E., Vulto, I. and Lansdorp, P.M. (2009). ‘Telomere Length in Hutchinson-Gilford Progeria Syndrome’, Mechanisms of Aging and Development, 130 (6), pp. 377-383.
Gardner, M.P. et al. (2013). ‘Telomere Length and Physical Performance at Older Ages: An Individual Participant Meta-Analysis’, PloS One, 8 (7), e.69526.
Sikora, E. (2013). ‘Rejuvination of Senescent Cells- The Road to Postponing Human Aging and Age-Related Disease?’ Experimental Gerontology, 48 (7), pp. 661-666.